INTRODUCTION

For botanists studying plant specimens from the Korean Peninsula, the challenge of georeferencing historical specimens significantly impedes taxonomic research (Chang et al. 2021). A substantial portion of specimens lacks proper geographical coordinates, diminishing their research utility (Marcer et al. 2022). While sophisticated digital tools for managing large biological datasets have become available at major herbaria and through GBIF over the past two decades (Soltis 2017), the meaningful analysis of digitized herbarium information remains limited (Nualart et al. 2017), primarily due to the absence of readily usable coordinates in specimen records that contain only place names.

To address this fundamental challenge of historical place names predating modern georeferencing, we have compiled a comprehensive gazetteer of Korean localities documented by foreign taxonomists (Chang & Chang 2003; Chang & Choi 2004; Chang et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012; Chang et al. 2015a, 2016, 2021). Building upon the work of Kakuta (1992) and Chang et al. (2004), which provided an inventory of Faurie’s Korean collections, this study aims to reconstruct his botanical exploration routes with greater precision.

Urbain Jean Faurie (1847-1915; Fig. 1), a French missionary born in Dunières (France, Haute Loire dept), joined the Society of Foreign Missionaries in 1869 (Barnhart 1965). After his ordination in 1873, he moved to Niigata, Japan in 1874. Faurie spent 25 years exploring northern Japan (Hokkaido, Hakodate, and Aomori), central Honshu, and Kyushu, while also conducting several extended collecting trips to Korea in the early 1900s. His botanical expeditions extended to Sakhalin, Russia (1908), Hawaii, United States (1909-1910), and Taiwan (1903, 1914-1915) (Bakalin & Katagiri 2014; Hatusima 1963; Hayata 1916; Horikawa 1949; Kakuta 1992; Kinashi 1932; Koidzumi 1936, 1943; Kitagawa 1979). While Faurie’s specimen collection (Figs 2; 3) is estimated at 60 000 items (Koidzumi 1936; Sato 1938), the actual number, including duplicates, may be three to four times higher. His specimens were distributed among various herbaria worldwide, with the majority housed at the Kyoto University herbarium (KYO) and some at the University of Tokyo (TI).

Émile Joseph Taquet (1873-1952, Fig. 1), renowned for his early collections from Korea – particularly from Quelpaert Island – was born in Hecq, Quesnoy (France, Nord dept). Ordained at age 24, he arrived in Korea in 1897 (Barnhart 1965) and conducted extensive collections of vascular plants from Quelpaert Island between 1907 and 1915. His significant botanical collecting began during a joint expedition with Faurie in 1907, after which his collection efforts expanded considerably until ceasing in 1915, coinciding with Faurie’s death in Taiwan.

To enhance the research value of these historical collections, georeferencing is essential for specimens recorded with only place names. This process of assigning spatial coordinates enables mapping of specimens and improves the utility of herbarium data for biogeographical and biodiversity research. Our study draws upon extensive collections housed in various herbaria to accomplish this goal.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The initial dataset was compiled from specimens housed at the University of Tokyo Herbarium (TI), Kyoto University Herbarium (KYO), Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), and Harvard University Herbaria (A). Data collection involved direct visits to these institutions, where specimens were photographed and data was meticulously transcribed through detailed surveys. The dataset were later expanded by incorporating published databases from Harvard University Herbaria (A), Komarov Botanic Garden (LE), Natural History Museum London (BM), and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (P) (Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries, Digital Collections; Vascular Plants Herbarium LE; Grabovskaya-Borodina et al. 2018; Vascular Plants Collection (P) MNHN-Paris).

Georeferencing of locality data followed GBIF Best Practice guidelines (Chapman & Wieczorek 2006). Location coordinates were determined using Google Maps, with decimal latitude and longitude recorded for each locality’s midpoint. Taxonomic classifications were verified against current checklists (Chang et al. 2014; Chang 2024), with obvious taxonomic errors corrected. Specimens with apparent transcriptional errors were excluded from analysis.

A comprehensive gazetteer database was developed to standardize place names and assign geographic coordinates. This process involved visual inspection of both historical and contemporary topographic maps (National Geospatial-intelligence Agency 2023), supplemented by Geonames and Google Maps data. The gazetteer has enabled georeferencing of over 8 300 specimens, including 722 type specimens (Chang et al. 2015a). Historical information about Faurie’s and Taquet’s collections was compiled from multiple sources (Lanjouw & Stafleu 1957; Léveillé 1907, 1908a-d, 1909, 1910a-c; Nakai 1909, 1911). Collection records were organized chronologically and geographically to resolve ambiguous locality names.

A particular challenge arose with Taquet’s collection sites on Jeju Island, which were often recorded using early 1900s dialect pronunciations or historical names. These localities were reconstructed using standardized Romanized Korean place names following current transliteration guidelines (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 2014) and historical reference work (Oh 1992).

RESULTS

Neither Faurie nor Taquet assigned collection numbers chronologically. Instead, they numbered specimens after processing dried plant bundles, typically arranging them by family or genera, with ferns, grasses, and sedges numbered consecutively. Based on Faurie’s specimens, collection numbers 1 to 1 200 were used in 1901, and numbers 1 to 1 500 were used in 1906, resulting in a total of approximately 2 700 collections. It is worth noting that collection numbers 1 500 to 2 300 were recorded in Korea in 1907. Taquet’s Quelpaert collections were numbered sequentially across years: 1-300 (1907), 300-2 500 and 4 500-4 800 (1908), 2 500-3 500 (1909), 3 500-4 500 (1910), 4 800-6 000 (1911), and 6 000-6 200 (1912).

Faurie strategically planned his Korean Peninsula expeditions around early Catholic church locations. His 1901 journey was conducted by ship, while his 1906 expedition began with a boat journey from Japan to Busan, followed by a train journey to Seoul via the newly operational railway (established 1905). He spent approximately 40 days collecting on Jeju Island from September 25 to November 4, 1906, returning from early May to early August 1907 to continue collecting and mentor Taquet. While Taquet focused primarily on Jeju Island, he made annual trips between April and May, travelling by ship from Jeju to Mokpo and then to Seoul to dispatch specimens to Faurie in Japan. Taquet, who relied on Faurie for botanical identification, made stops at Seoul Cathedral to send specimens in 1909, 1911, and 1912.

The initial batch of vascular plant specimens, which includes Taquet’s collections, was primarily curated by Faurie. These specimens are currently stored at KYO, and duplicates have been disseminated extensively to other institutions, such as K, E, P, LE, B, and KYO. The majority of the specimens are housed at E, with the exception of Poaceae and Cyperaceae specimens, which are also located at B and P.

Based on the previous literature (Koidzumi 1943), Kyoto University Herbarium received a donation of 32 129 specimens comprising the entire collection of Japanese, Taiwanese, and Korean peninsula flora by Faurie. We were able to identify a total of 6 535 specimens from the Korean peninsula including duplicates. Of these, 41.5% are currently stored at KYO (2 714), 22.5% at E (1 475), and 13.9% at P (869). Our research reveals that 34.3% (4 492 specimens) of the total specimens collected by Taquet are currently preserved at E, while approximately 26.0% (3 403) and 13.5% (1 767) are held at KYO and TI, respectively, in Japanese institutions. P’s collection of Taquet’s specimens accounts for less than 1% of the total, consisting of only around 460 specimens (Fig. 4).

Faurie’s Exploration Routes (Fig. 5)

Faurie conducted three expeditions to the Korean Peninsula between 1901 and 1907. His first expedition in 1901 covered Seoul, Chinnampo, and Wonsan. While his second journey in 1906 included visits to Busan, Mt. Kumgansan, and Jeju Island, it is less extensively documented in the literature. His third expedition in 1907 focused on revisiting Jeju Island (then known as Quelpaert). Although Faurie planned his routes around Catholic cathedral locations, specific details of his travel planning remain unclear.

Faurie’s collecting trip began when he departed from Japan by ship and arrived in Korea in May 1901. He left from Tsushima Island and arrived in Seoul five days later. After his arrival in Seoul, he conducted his first collections in Mt. Nam-san and spent 11 days in Seoul and Syou-ouen (Suwon), collecting around 200 species. On June 4th, he embarked on a northward journey to Wonsan in Kangwondo, travelling through Chinnampo and Pyongyang. After reaching Wonsan on June 30th, he conducted two excursions to Naepyong-ri over a two-month period. In early September, he returned to Chinnampo from Wonsan, before spending his final month travelling back to Japan via Seoul, Jaemulpo, and Mokpo.

After five years of collecting plants in Japan and Taiwan, Faurie embarked on another trip, this time to Seoul from Busan by train, at the age of 59. He left Aomori in Japan on May 2nd, 1906, and arrived in Fusan (now Busan), in the southern part of Korea on May 18th. He spent ten days there and then took a train to Seoul, stopping briefly in Daegu and Suwon.

Following his ten-day stay in Seoul, Faurie proceeded to Mt. Keumgang-san for fieldwork from June 20th to June 27th. Typically, he returned to Seoul via a long trip to Pyongyang through Wonsan. Faurie returned to Seoul on September 11th and departed for Jeju Island on September 25th. He spent 40 days on the island collecting specimens before returning to Japan on November 4th.

Faurie’s third expedition focused on Jeju Island, departing from Mojiko, Kyushu on May 6th, 1907, and arriving on May 11th. He remained on the island until August 10th, working alongside Taquet. While some specimens are recorded as collected between August and October 1907, evidence suggests Faurie departed in August (Kakuta 1992), as herbarium records place him in Wakaya, Aomori, and Iwate, Japan after late August 1907. This timing discrepancy is further supported by specimen analysis: collections attributed to Faurie during this period share identical collection numbers with Taquet’s specimens from the same region and species. These shared specimens are notably numbered below 100, contrasting with Faurie’s typical expedition collections of approximately 1 500 specimens. Consequently, specimens from Quelpaert Island dated between August and October 1907 should be attributed to Taquet rather than Faurie. The confusion in attribution may partially explain why this collection route has remained obscure in Western botanical literature.

Based on examination of Faurie’s herbarium specimens and analysis of historical documentation (Hatusima 1963; Hayata 1916; Horikawa 1949; Kakuta 1992; Kinashi 1932; Koidzumi 1936, 1943), we have reconstructed the following chronology of Faurie’s Korean expeditions.

Taquet’s exploration routes (Fig. 6)

Taquet’s botanical collections from Jeju Island were notably more diverse than Faurie’s, encompassing specimens from multiple localities including Polmongi, Hannon, Sepseum, Hallaisan, Tolsouni, Hioton, Yeongsil, Hokeuni, Hamtok, Eolsouni, and Tpyoungmouni – areas characterized by warm temperate flora. Based on specimen label data, we have reconstructed his collection route, which he repeated three to four times annually between 1907 and 1912. The typical itinerary began in Hongro, proceeded northward to Mt. Hallasan, returned to Hongro, and continued through Yeongsil and Tpyoungmouni.

Taquet implemented a comprehensive collecting strategy that involved ascending Hallasan via South Hongro approximately once a month from June through October. Following the winter or Hallasan expeditions, he primarily focused on gathering evergreen plants along the coast and in the vicinity of Hongro. Apart from these collections, the majority of his records from Hallasan were obtained below 800 meters and transported back to Hongro, while the evergreen plants were gathered around present-day Seogwipo. In instances where Mokpo and Seoul made stops at the Seoul Cathedral, specimens were sent to Faurie in Japan, and this occurred on three occasions: 1909, 1911, and 1912. The main period of active collecting took place between 1908, 1910, and 1911, followed by a significant decline in collection efforts from 1912 to 1913.

Determining the exact collecting locations regarding Taquet’s gazetters can sometimes be challenging due to the usage of local dialects on Jeju Island during that time and the documentation of numerous place names that are now extinct. However, it is evident that the majority of his collections were made in close proximity to Hongro and Seogwipo.

DISCUSSION

A significant portion of Taquet’s collection – 1 020 specimens – is currently preserved at the University of Tokyo Herbarium (TI). These specimens became available for scientific study after Japanese botanist T. Nakai visited Taquet’s church in 1913, where he examined the collections over several days. Subsequently, these specimens were provided to Nakai for his research on Quelpaert’s flora and have since remained at TI.

Taquet, who received his training in plant specimen collecting from Faurie, initially attempted to gather plants by climbing Hallasan, a 1 900-meter-high mountain, every month in 1907. However, from 1908 to 1911, he limited his visit to Hallasan once a month from May to September and focused primarily on collecting specimens in Seogwipo (Hongro), located in the southern part of the island where evergreen vegetation flourishes even in winter.

From 1912 to 1914, Taquet made only one or two attempts to collect on Hallasan, leading to a dramatic decline in the number of specimens gathered. While nearly 1 800 specimens were collected in 1908, this number decreased by about half in subsequent years. By 1912, the amount of collected specimens had plummeted to about 100.

Many of the names of collection areas are transcribed according to the local dialect’s pronunciation, and some remain unclear. Nevertheless, it is evident that these areas are primarily located in the southern part of Jeju Island. The most active period of Taquet’s collecting efforts occurred in 1908.

Taquet’s collections only provide information on the months of the year without specific dates, except for the year 1908. As a result, the chronology of his travels in Quelpaert Island is not fully developed. However, after reviewing a record from 1918, it was estimated that Taquet usually spent approximately a week collecting specimens after his Hallasan climb. Furthermore, he is believed to have climbed Hallasan 20 or more times between 1907 and 1914. Of the combined collections of Taquet and Faurie, 722 specimens (Faurie 342 and Taquet 380 collections) representing 483 taxa have been cited as types by several authors (i.e., G. Kükenthal, H. Léveillé, E. Vaniot, E. Koehne, C.K. Schneider, H. Wolff., A. Rehder, T. Nakai, A. Engler, R. Pampanini, P. Knuth, M. Honda, E. Hieronymus, H. Christ, after Chang et al. 2015b).

Faurie’s collection records did not follow a systematic numbering system based on the date of collection. Instead, he organized his collections by family and assigned them a collection number accordingly. This approach led to missing dates and ambiguities in the collection site information. Taquet, after learning from Faurie, also adopted a similar method but recorded the collection dates more frequently compared to Faurie.

The largest repository of Taquet’s specimens is the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), housing 3 026 specimens, followed by the University of Tokyo Herbarium (TI) with 1 020 specimens. Smaller collections of 320-709 specimens are distributed among several institutions: Kyoto University Herbarium (KYO), Harvard University Herbaria (A), Komarov Botanic Garden (LE), and the National Museum of Natural History Paris (P). This dispersed distribution pattern contrasts with Faurie’s collections, which were more centrally preserved at P, suggesting that Taquet’s specimens may have been distributed through multiple channels, including possible sales.

The gazetteer is organized in alphabetical order by place name and chronology (Table 1). We have provided information based on available data, including: 1) verbatim locality names used by Faurie and Taquet on labels or records; 2) standard Romanized place names based on Korean pronunciation; 3) current provincial names; 4) Chinese characters; 5) date on which the localities were visited; 6) geographic coordinates; and 7) locality names in Korean. When information is uncertain, we have indicated it with a question mark. Entries in the gazetteer are numbered and correspond to the accompanying maps. Larger towns and important localities are capitalized in the gazetteer and are not given numbers. The gazetteer-thesaurus will be a critical tool for our project as we map specimens to determine the extent of the Korean peninsula. With geographic data, we can utilize Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map specimens, identify mini-hotspots, and gain insight into the mechanisms that underlie species distributions in the region.

Many historical collections worldwide are well-organized and adequately curated by their respective institutions (e.g., K). However, incorrect or incomplete information (such as errors in botanical identification, country names, and place names) often remains uncorrected due to limited expertise, resources, and information exchange. We are committed to supporting the restoration of historical specimens from East Asia, including those from China, Japan, and Taiwan, and we are ready to assist institutions that need such support.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the BIFA Project of GBIF, the Korea National Arboretum (Project no. S210707L1010) funded by the Korea Forest Service, and the Faculty Research Grant from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Seoul National University awarded to the corresponding author. Drs Thomas Haevermans and Thierry Deroin (both MNHN) are also thanked for their remarks on a previous version of the manuscript.

Fig. 1. — Urbain Jean Faurie (1847-1915, left) and Émile Joseph Taquet (1873-1952, right). Both photos are published with the authorization of the Institut de Recherche France-Asie (IRFA, https://irfa.paris/).

Fig. 2. — Plate from Faurie and Taquet’s collection, Ficus ‌luducca ‌Roxb. (Korea, In petrosis secus torrents Quelpaert, 1907, Faurie 1993, syntype P[P06878962]).

Fig. 3. — Plate from Faurie and Taquet’s collection, Peucedanum ‌astrantiifolium ‌H.Wolff. (Korea, Quelpaert, Secus rivulos Mallaisan, 1907, Taquet 116, lectotype P[P00752644]).

Fig. 4. — Year-by-year collections of Faurie (A) and Taquet (B), based on our data. Faurie collected specimens from 1901 to 1907, and Taquet from 1907 to 1913. The total number of collections is summarized in each panel.

Fig. 5. — The map of the collecting area for the 1901 (A) and 1906 (B), Faurie’s botanical expedition. The route is not shown in detail on the map for the sake of clarity. Source of the background map: OpenStreetMap.

Fig. 6. — A comprehensive list of local and Hallasan gathering place names centered by Taquet around Hongno on Jeju Island, covering the period from 1907 to 1914. Source of the background map: OpenStreetMap.

Table 1. — A gazetteer of Faurie and Taquet’s collection of place names in chronological order, with verbatim names, along with standardized romanized names and administrative names currently in use in Korea, as well as Chinese and Korean names.CollectorVerbatim namesStandard Romanized place namesCurrent namesChinese charactersDatesGeographic coordinates (GIS)Korean nameFaurie U.ChemulpoJemulpo (= Incheon)Incheon-si, Jemulpo濟物浦 (仁川)1901-05-0132.69, 128.76제물포Chinampo, Chinnampo, Chinanmpo, ChinamphoChinnampoPyeongannam-do, Chinnampo-si鎭南浦1901-09-2038.13, 125.40진남포DiamantsGeumgang-sanKangwon-do, Goseong-gun金剛山1906-06-2038.67, 128.1금강산FossaSambang-ri to Daegok-riKnagwon-do, Sepo-gun三防里-大谷里 (楸哥嶺)1901-09-0238.88, 126.75HallaisanHanlla-sanJeju-si, Seogwipo-si漢拏山1907-05-1135.17, 129.07한라산 Hoang hai doHwanghae-doHwanghaebuk-do黃海道1906-08-?38.33, 125.5황해도Hong-NoHongroJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si烘爐1906-10-?33.39, 126.60홍로Kan ouen toGangwon-doKangwon-do江原道1901-06-2339.14, 127.44강원도media, Kan-Ouen-ToGangwon-do (middle)Kangwon-do江原道1901-09-0438.88, 126.75강원도 중부MokpoMokpoJeollanam-do, Mokpo-si木浦1901-09-3037.45, 126.66목포Nai-piangNaepyeongKangwon-do, Saepo-gun洗浦郡 內坪1901-08-2238.88, 126.75내평Ouen-sanWonsanKangwon-do, Wonsan-si元山1901-08-0139.15, 127.44원산Phyng-yang, Hpyeng-YangPyongyangPyongyang平壤1901-09-0739.03, 125.75평양PomasaBeomeosaBusan-si, Geumjeong-gu梵魚寺1906-05-2034.21, 129.24범어사PoukhanBukhanSeoul, Seongbuk-gu北漢山1901-10-0337.65, 126.97북한Quelpaert, Choi-jyu, Tchedshu, QuelpaertJejuJejudo (island)濟州道1906-05-1734.79, 126.37제주도SeoulSeoulSeoul京城1901-05-2234.21, 129.24서울NamsanNamsanSeoul, Jung-gu南山1901-05-2437.56, 126.97서울, 남산Syou OuenSuwonSuwon-si水原1901-05-2835.87, 128.5수원TaikouDaeguDaegu-si大邱1906-05-3035.87, 128.59대구Taquet E. J.ChemulpoJemulpo (= Incheon)Gyeonggi-do Incheongwanyeok-si Jemulpo濟物浦1909-05-?37.45, 126.56제물포GamnamugolGamnamugol (= Wimiri)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si爲美里1908-10-2233.3, 126.65감나무골HaichienamHaechonamJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1909-08-?33.27, 126.7해촌암 (큰엉?)HallaisanHanlla-sanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si漢拏山1907-07-0133.31, 126.56한라산 HamtokHamdeokJejudo (island) Jocheon-eup, Hamdeok-ri咸德1908-09-1033.54, 126.64함덕HannonHanonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si大沓1908-02-?33.25, 126.54하논HeiksatongHaesa-dongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-04-?해사동HiotonHyodonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si Hyodon-dong孝敦1909-06-?33.26, 126.61효돈HoatienHochonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si孤村1908-03-0133.29, 126.59호촌 Hokeuni (Houkien)HogeunJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si好近1908-05-0833.25, 126.52호근리HongroHongroJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si Seohong-dong烘爐 1907-09-?33.25, 126.55홍로Hongro cascadeHongropokpo, Wonangpokpo (Donnaekomul)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si鴛鴦瀑布1908-03-2833.3, 126.58홍로폭포 원앙폭포 (돈내코물)Hpakoi (Hpalkai Hpalkoi)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1909-09-?Hsepieng (Hsepyeng)SepyeongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-05-12세평JohosiihochinJosihosinJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si조시호신KaksipaoiGaksibawiJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-05-0833.27, 126.52각시바위KamnamoukolGamnamugolJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si甘南1908-10-1933.29, 126.34감나무골 (서귀포 악덕면)Kangjyeng (Kaugjoung)GangjeongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si江汀1908-08-2033.23, 126.47강정Kaunsan (Kokunsan)GogeunsanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si孤根山33.26, 126.51고근산KouriaGyoraeJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si橋來33.42, 126.65교래MatjyoaMajeomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si마점Taquet E. J. (cont.)MokanMoganJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1907-10-?목안Mokpo (Mokhpo)MokpoJeollanam-do Mokpo-si木浦1909-04-?34.79, 126.37목포MoktjangMokjangJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si毛洞場1908-08-1233.28, 126.22목장MounseumMunseomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si蚊島 1910-08-0933.22, 126.56문섬MousersMoseulJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si摹瑟1911-09-2233.23, 126.25모슬Namsyonkak (Namsyuak, Namsyukak)NamsuakJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si水嶽1908-06-0833.33, 126.61남수악NatschonNacheonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si33.37, 126.53나천 (한라산 북부)NokatjiNoghajiJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si鹿下止1908-7-?33.30, 126.45녹하지OpogisJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1910-08-13Ouelpfag (Ouelpieng)WolpyeongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si月坪1910-10-0533.24, 126.46월평PemseumBeomseomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si虎島1910-06-0833.21, 126.51범섬PientoPyeon-do (Seogeon-do)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si腐島1908-04-1433.23, 126.49편도 (서건도)PohjoniPyoseonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si表善1911-05-?33.32, 126.82표선리Pohpani (Poptjyangi, Popyengi, Popyjengi, Popyjenri, Pophyengi, Pophyougi)BeophwanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si法還1908-05-0733.23, 126.51법환리PolmongiPomokriJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si甫木里1908-04-0833.24, 126.6보목리prope cascadam [天地淵]CheonjiyeonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si天地淵33.24, 126.55천지연RamsanNamsanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si南山남산 (성산??)Saingmoultong (Sainmoultong)SaemultongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1909-06-?33.29, 126.57새물통SaiseumSaeseomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si茅島 1908-02-?33.23, 126.56새섬Sanpangsan (Sampangsan)SanbangsanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si山房山1908-10-?33.24, 126.31산방산Santji (Sangi)SanjiJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-02-?산지SenganSaegangJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1910-05-10새강SeoulSeoulSeoul1909-04-?서울SepseumSeopseomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si森島1908-05-2833.22, 126.59섶섬 (새섬)SetchimeriSaechimeoliJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si瀛南洞1908-06-2533.32, 126.5서치머리 (영남동)SintoliSindo-riJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si新桃1910-06-1133.28, 126.19신도리SokpatSotbat (Sororeum)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-06-0533.3, 126.55솥밧 (솔오름)SorizatisSorijaeJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si소리재SyekeuiSeogwiJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si西歸1908-04-1033.25, 126.56서귀SyengsanSeongsanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si城山성산SylorumSioreumJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si大倫洞1911-07-0633.3, 126.51시오름Taipfling (Taipjeng)DaepyeongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si大坪里1908-11-0333.23, 126.36대평Taipjeng (Taejyeng, Taitjyeng, Taipjeng, Tehjoung, Tjousyeng, Tjyouchyeng, Tehjoungjeng, Tehjoungjeng)DaejeongJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si大靜1909-07-?33.25, 126.24대정TchimpatChilgbatJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si靈泉, 坪洞1908-04-1433.28, 126.6칡밭오름Tchyong tchyeng koan (Tchyoung, Tcheyeng koan)JeongjugomJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si咸德1908-09-1133.54, 126.66정주곰TemiDondaeJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si敦臺1908-10-?33.25, 126.2대미 (돈대미?)Taquet E. J. (cont.)TerokTaerokJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si大鹿1908-09-1433.25, 126.2대록Tjoungmouni (Tjyengmeuni, Tpjoungmouni, Tpyoungmouni, Tpjoungmouni)Jungmun-riJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si中文里1911-05-?33.26, 126.42중문리Tjyyangmaui (Tupyangenapi)Jejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1909-08-?토평근처??Tjyeunsani (Tjyengeuni, Tyongulli, Tjyengeni, Tjyengsani, Tjousyeng, Tjyaseung, Tsonsyeng)JungsanJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1909-08-?중산 (근리??)TokounaiDogeun-riJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-09-14도근리Topengri (Tophyongni, Topyeng, Topyengeni, Topyeungeni, Topyengeni, Topyeongni)TopyeongniJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si吐坪里1909-05-?33.28, 126.57토평리Tosuni Tolsoni TolsouniDosun-riJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si道順里1908-06-2033.29, 126.47도순리YangkeniAkgeun-riJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si岳近1908-05-1533.23, 126.49악근리YelloiYeraeJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si脫來1908-04-2833.27, 126.39예래YemtonYeomdonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si瀛南洞1908-08-2233.31, 126.5염돈YeongsilYeongsilJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si靈室1907-07-?33.34, 126.49영실YetchonYeongcheonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si靈泉 1910-07-15영천YokonJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si1908-09-12이건?YougnamtalYeongnamJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si嶺南1908-06-2533.31, 126.5영남동OkdoriOkdoriJejudo (island) Seoguipo-si옥도리?